Global Warming haunts Japanese rice farms
Pastor Dale Morgan
Global Warming haunts Japanese rice farms*
05 Nov 2007 00:03:21 GMT
Source: Reuters
By Miho Yoshikawa
MINAMI-UONUMA, Japan, Nov 5 (Reuters) - It produced the most prized rice
in a country that prides itself on its rice.
But summer heat waves have sent temperatures soaring in Japan's Uonuma
region, resulting in lower quality rice grains, and making farmers
worried that global warming might have reached their rice fields in
northwestern Japan.
"I'd be lying if I said I wasn't worried about the effect that global
warming might have," said rice farmer Ryoichi Takamura as he inspected
his fresh-cropped brown rice fields.
For 17 generations, Takamura's family has grown rice on a plateau
between the low mountains that cradle Uonuma, creating a climate of
extreme high and low temperatures that are crucial for the production of
Koshihikari rice, Japan's premium rice.
But Takamura, 49, who was born and bred in the region, says these unique
weather conditions have changed in recent years and the past few summers
have been the hottest he can remember.
"I was totally dehydrated as I drove the harvester in the rice fields
(this summer)," the slightly built Takamura remarked.
After watching his crop yields fall in recent years, Takamua said he
succeeded at sustaining yields and quality this year by using plenty of
water to protect rice from the scorching heat.
Japanese rice farmers and experts are growing more concerned about
rising temperatures which is leading to poorer yields and the production
of immature grains with a poor starch content that fetch a lower price
even though they taste almost the same.
Japan's average annual temperature has been higher by 0.2 to 1.0 degrees
centigrade for about the past decade, when compared to a base figure
which is the average of temperatures taken between 1971-2000, data from
the Japan Meteorological Agency shows.
These temperature rises coincide with a period when immature grains of
rice, easily identified by their milky white exterior, were becoming
conspicuous in freshly harvested crops.
"The 20 or so days after the ear of the rice has appeared is most
crucial ... and high temperatures during that period leads to the
production of immature grains," said rice expert Ikuo Ueno.
BOWLS OF RICE
Rice is believed to have been cultivated in Japan for the past 2,500 to
3,000 years. Bowls of rice are an integral part of meals, although
consumption has dropped as a Western diet has become more prevalent
especially among the young generation. Rice is also used to produce
sake, an alcoholic beverage.
Per capita consumption of rice in Japan was 61 kg (135 pounds) last
year, down 48 percent from its peak in 1962.
Rice is grown in almost every corner of Japan, including areas
surrounding Tokyo, but global warming has had the most noticeable impact
in the south, particularly on the island of Kyushu.
Ueno, head of the crop research department at the Kumamoto Prefectural
Agricultural Research Center in Kyushu, said higher temperatures were to
blame in part for poorer quality rice crops in recent years.
The heat, combined with fewer sunlight hours and damage from typhoons
had contributed to several years of poor harvest in the prefecture, he said.
Research centres across Japan are studying ways to grow rice grains that
can better cope with higher temperatures. They are also developing new
grain varieties, although it may take as much as a decade for commercial
harvesting of these grains to begin.
Some of these new grain types have started to be planted and have even
begun to slowly enter the local markets, although Japanese consumers
tend to have conservative palates which means it takes time for new
varieties to gain a foothold.
About a decade ago, the National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu
Okinawa Region began to develop "Nikomaru", a rice with a strong
tolerance to higher temperatures.
It was discovered by chance, according to Makoto Sakai, head of the
centre's Rice Breeding Unit, who said the initial aim of the project was
to create a new type of rice that would provide a higher yield and a
fine grain appearance.
"However, there were hot years during the period we were conducting our
research, and the result was that we developed a type of rice that is
tolerant to high temperatures," Sakai said.
A few farmers in Nagasaki prefecture in Kyushu began to grow Nikomaru
rice last year, but the new variety of rice so far only accounts for 3-4
percent of the total crops produced in the region and fetches a
relatively low price.
As scientists experiment to find rice grains that can stand the heat,
some Japanese chefs complain that even premium rice is not as tasty as
it used to be.
"In the past, I could really savour the flavour of rice with just a
sprinkling of salt," remarked Ushio Tachihara, a chef who runs a
Japanese restaurant in Tokyo's upmarket Ginza district.
"This isn't a scientific point of view ... but for the past four or five
years, it's become rare to have rice that I really find tasty".